Some holocaust scholars have argued that the Germans and those who were allied with German fascism, tortured and murdered Jews, Roma, Clergy and Intellectuals with zeal because they were subjected to economic depression, the repercussions of the Treaty of Versailles Treaty and virulent anti-Semitism for generations before Hitler became leader of Germany. These scholars do not claim that Germans, practiced genocide because of fanatic nationalism, or due to overwhelming psychological and social pressure. These scholars point to historical precedents for anti-Semitism or to covert operations amongst the axis powers. This theory asserts that Germans enthusiastically embraced Nazi philosophy because that actually believed genocide of the Jews was a necessity. Many scholars argue that it was not Hitler’s specific intention to kill Jews, Roma, intellectuals and clergy but rather the almost natural consequences of prolific and widespread anti-Semitism whose rudimentary basis was faux racial theories that permeated all branches of government and all social and economic classes and religions throughout Europe that laid the foundation for extermination and the Shoah. This paper will examine the theories that have no basis in fact and in particular address scholars who are known as intentionalists.

Although all stories of all our ancestors have significance, the stories of World War II have particular relevance in terms of understanding the mentality that has resulted in what seems to be blatant hatred for “the other.” All history, and especially the history that leads to the hatred causing wars, is significant; however, World War II has a particular unique significance related to the United States as we currently know it. It was the defining event of the Twentieth Century in terms of the values that many have embraced as particularly American (e.g., work ethic, coming together in patriotism, and a “fierce defence of freedom of democratic institutions”). It was also the defining mind-set of those who now are considered part of the Baby Boomer generation. Sadly, the world, which has never been free from war, is seeing a resurgence in the type of hatred that resulted in the existence of Hitler. This may be cyclical in nature for the very reason that the survivors and their stories are now leaving us. Not letting their stories go with them might give us our last and best chance to make sure that the worst that comes from extremist populism does not happen again, or is at least hindered.

Elaine Scarry menciona, “Translation of pain into power is ultimately a transformation of body into voice, a transformation arising in part out of the dissonance of the two, in part out of the consonance of the two” (45). Es decir, el dolor de la víctima se convierte en la memoria y luego en trauma y voz, que es importante para saber el sufrimiento de la víctima. En la misma manera la voz de la protagonista Paulina está convertida después de 15 años de trauma, en la obra teatral La muerte y la doncella, la voz de ella es una transición desde su trauma y se puede comparar con la voz de trauma del autor Ariel Dorfman, que él sufrió por el golpe militar en Chile, él expresa su voz en su autobiografía, escrita 15 años después del golpe militar, en la misma manera como Paulina lo expresa en la obra teatral, después de 15 años de la violación. Paulina representa su voz y graba el testimonio de confesión de su violador Roberto Miranda. Avelar afirma, “In Scarry’s restorative conception, recovering voice becomes a key in the battle to deprive torture of its political legitimacy and to make its horror visible” (30-1). La voz de la víctima está introducida cuando habla y expresa su dolor y trauma de la tortura que sufrió.

In the period between 1230 and 1305, the Bohemian kings of the Premyslid dynasty aimed to realize a specific project: they wanted to promote themselves thanks to literature and get closer to the other imperial courts. They invited German-speaking poets at court and in doing so their land got accustomed to courtly culture. At the end of this sort of cultural journey, Wenceslaus II proved to be able to properly master canons and models of Minnesang poetry; he even personally re-worked these features. This paper aims to retrace this route and provide an analysis, together with a translation in modern English, of Wenceslaus IIs Tagelied.

Issues related to gender equality have been widely and globally discussed in settings such as politics, education, healthcare and the workplace, among others. In Japan, the Japanese government has been working very hard to increase the number of women involved in Japanese politics, with minimal progress to date. The present prime minister of Japan, Yoshihide Suga, has intentionally sought to bring attention to this issue. He has, for the first time, selected a female cabinet relations chief for his government. His appointment of a female to this post is unprecedented. Unfortunately, due to a recent ethical code violation by the newly appointed female appointee and role model of female leadership in Japan, he felt constrained to accept her resignation from the post. The present study explores Prime Minister Suga’s treatment of this gender-related issue by examining his personal interviews with the media and press reporters in his cabinet. The study finds that Suga falls short of adopting an emotive and rapport style of speech which in turn, fails to attract listeners’ and voters’ support.

This article addresses human rights protection of vulnerable groups in the context of respect for human rights and freedoms. Although Albania has ratified the European Social Charter to guarantee social rights, there are still shortcomings in the area of ??social policy and in guaranteeing of fundamental human rights. Those who suffer the consequences are members of vulnerable groups who do not have sufficient access to social services, education, health, housing, etc. The factors that constitute their vulnerability are many and include: age, ethnic origin, race, gender, health status, poverty, social and economic status, etc. Human Rights protection of vulnerable groups in Albania faces the challenges of a society that passes through a difficult phase of political, economic and social transition. The Albanian state should reduce the social exclusion of vulnerable groups, engaging all possible sources in the direction of social protection systems. Policies should be dynamic and guarantee the instruments that these groups can continue moving forward and being not fully dependent on economic aid and social programs, which keeps these groups in the same vulnerability status and increases the likelihood of their return to their previous state of affairs.

In a world, where the course of current and future national and international affairs is a derived impact of the decisions of the International Adjudicating and Monitoring bodies, it is rather appalling to see that representation of women at the International Bench is considered highly impertinent. The decisions of these bodies, act as commandments shaping the landscape of our future generations, despite this enlightenment the representation of women at these International Institutions remains immoderately minimal. This paper seeks to analyze the current state of gender disparity at the international bench, rooting from the barriers and social hostilities posed by religion at the national level. Gender disparity emerging from religious bigotry being the focal point of this paper, I aim to highlight India’s nominal representation at the International level.

Knowledge production experiences some noticeable widening and tends to become interdisciplinary in its scope. With globalization and transnationalism, postcolonial African literary corpus presents a growing interest from migrant writers in events happening in their place of origin. In their fictional craftsmanship, these writers attempt to deepen their commitment to issues related to development in what is known as ‘postcoloniality.’ Drawing on postcolonialism theory, this paper explores texts from two third-generation Nigerian writers namely Adichie and Noo Saro-Wiwa by revealing their contribution to a better understanding of African developmental challenges in their narratives. The essay continues the conversation over the need to locate development fiction within the development aesthetic paradigm. The two writers under scrutiny, the paper contends, strive to contextualize impediments to advancement in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa. Adichie’s short stories: “Cell One” and “The American Embassy” direct the reader to development-related issues in terms of bad governance, safety, and security challenges while Saro-Wiwa’s travelogue points to city mismanagement and city transportation mayhem. The essay concludes that their fictional rendition of development-related issues appears as an attempt to bridge the gap between literature and development studies and thus, appraising ‘interdisciplinarity’ over traditional disciplinary compartmentalization in academia.

Several are the studies on code of silence, delatores and spy in ancient Rome. This paper discusses secondary literature and brings new results in analyzing Martial’s and Juvenal’s passages. The research is fresh and new and it reveals connections between past and present.